Was Your Ancestor a Criminal?
If your ancestor was an early sailor pirate, or convict, you
may be able to find them in the Admiralty Records of England or the
Vice-Admiralty Records of Maryland
(1694), New York (which included Connecticut and New Jersey) and South Carolina
(1697), Pennsylvania (which included Delaware) and Virginia (1697/8) which
included early North Carolina), Massachusetts (1699), New Hampshire (1704),
Rhode Island (1716), North Carolina (1729), and Georgia (1754).
What are Admiralty Courts?
Inexpensive convict laborers are rarely spoken of in the USA. However, between 1718 and 1775 there were approximately 52,200 convicts who sailed for the American colonies as allowed by the Transportation Act of 1718. At a3Genealogy we particularly favor these court cases when seeking southern ensconced colonial-ancestors. We have found cases covering petty sailor salary issues to severe piracy court cases.
Look in Virginia for early North Carolina Ancestors
Virginia, alone, hosted more than 20,000 convicts - many worked in the tobacco fields. Commonly, British felons served for seven years (up to fourteen), however unlike indentured servants, they did not receive payment at the end of their service.
The Vice-admiralty Court of Virginia had jurisdiction also over North Carolina. However be sure to also scour the Vice-Admiralty Court of Royal NC 1729-1759.
6 Tips to Uncovering Pre-Revolutionary
Convict Ancestors
Often genealogists become interested in this research when they have traced ancestors to the colonies by the Revolutionary War. Yet, not much is known pre-Revolutionary war. The question is “from whence did they come?” So let’s
first just see if we can find them as a convict, and don't forget the women!
We know women were also sent to the colonies as convicts. Well known female pirate Mary Harvey was sent to North Carolina for piracy. Her records can be located in Virginia. Other females were sent to American colonies for being lewd or late street walking (after ten).
Here are tips to begin your research:
1) Convict Transportation Contracts /
Records. Ancestry.com has digitized the
Middlesex, England, Convict Transportation Contracts, 1682-1787; and Dorset,
England, Convict Transportation Records, 1724-1791. Researchers will find their ancestor’s names, crime and the punishment for
their crime. These records may also
specify where they were placed in America (or British Colony in Africa).
2) Review
State Archives for early court records.
The salvaged Maryland colonial courts records may be located at the Hall
of Records at Annapolis (see the Maryland Historical Society Archives of Maryland).
3)
Extant
Colonial Records:
·
New Hampshire's Secretary Waldron saved seven
featherbeds and most of the records when his house burned in 1736.
·
Massachusetts fire in 1747 destroyed a portion
of that colony's records
·
Rhode Island part of the town records of Newport
and Providence had been burned
·
New York suffered two fires that destroyed
public records during the colonial period.
·
New Jersey had an archival fire that took place
in 1686
·
North Carolina reported no loss of records when
its State House burned in 1831
·
South Carolina acknowledged loss of records in
the secretary's office fire of 1698
·
Georgia reported only the Yazoo Act destroyed by
fire
·
Virginia's archives were partially burned during
the Revolution while stored, at Benedict Arnold's order, in a Westham public
building containing war material.
·
Maryland see the Historical Society Archives of
Maryland
4) Vice
Admiralty Court Records: These may be a little harder to uncover. For Virginia
and North Carolina review the Executive
Journals of the Council of Colonial Virginia.
5)
Academic
Papers and Dissertations and Books: If
your convict was a pirate, a woman, or infamous, many have been researched and
cited in academic papers.
6) Newspapers. Although they usually
lack details, newspaper notices provide hints. The Virginia Gazette published notices of trials and
advertisements of sales by the vice-admiralty court decrees.
Linking British Records
If your ancestor was sent to America, there must have been a
court reason in Britain. Be sure to
review the High Court Admiralty (HCA) records held at the UK National
Archives.
- Proceedings
of Vice-Admiralty courts in North America, the West Indies and Africa are held in HCA 1/99. Included are
proceedings from courts in New York, 1724, Rhode Island, 1725,
Williamsburg, 1727, 1729, Philadelphia, 1731, South Carolina, 1733-1734,
the Bahamas, 1722, Barbados, 1734, Jamaica, 1738-1739, India (Fort St
George and Bombay), 1725, 1730, and Africa, 1722, 1734, 1737.
- Earlier in New York, 1777 to 1783: the High Court of Admiralty: Vice
-Admiralty Courts proceedings can be found in HCA
49. This collection also is
the repository for various colonies in Africa.
Kathleen Brandt
Accurate, accessible answers
